inserted in certain cases for euphony between a final vowel and another vowel following in close liaison (but after û only before ê and î), e.g.:

particle known as îzafe principally used: 1. As a defining relative pronoun, who, whom, which, e.g.: for the construction of relative clauses see ke⁶ 2. To link epithet adjectives and nouns to the noun which they qualify, e.g.: 3. To link a noun in the genitive relation to the noun it qualifies, e.g.: 4. To link a noun or adjective, especially one forming part of a compound verb, to its complement, e.g.:

particle prefix to present indicative tense of certain verbs having present stem beginning with ê or hê (the h being omitted), e.g.: Compare de², e⁶

(pronounced as pure short i after consonant but coalesces with a preceding vowel) pronoun affix he, she, him, her, his, her, it, its, most commonly used: 1. When the pronoun is the direct object of a transitive verb in the present tense 2. In the genitive relation and so as possessive adjective; it is suffix, with intervening euphonic t, to the 3rd person singular present indicative of the enclitic verb ‘to be’ in cases where there would otherwise be ambiguity, e.g.: heye (where y is euphonic) there is, but heyet-y: he has eme ga-ye (y again euphonic), this is an ox, but eme ga-yet-y: this is his ox ty is however sometimes added when there is no danger of confusion, e.g. Baram bawk-y-e or Baram bawk-y-ety: Bahram is his father 3. With the prepositions bo, lê, pê, tê, legeḻ, and the postposition ê 4. To denote the agent in sentences having a transitive verb in a past tense, see Appendix V; for further explanation of the manner of use of the pronoun affix, with examples, see under -t²

(thus after vowel, -î after consonant), inflexion of 2nd person singular of present tenses of all verb and past tenses of intransitive verbs for use of euphonic t after -y: see t¹

2nd person singular of enclitic verb ‘to be’, art, are for use of euphonic -t after -y: see t¹