vocative ending: kuṟe: boy!

defining suffix also used: (1) in conjunction with demonstrative adjectives em, ew, e.g. em kuṟe: this boy, ew kiche: that girl, ew suwarane: those horse-men, (for exceptions see em, ew); (2) with diminutive or affectionate connotation, especially in the shortened forms of personal names and nicknames, e.g. Bile for Ibrahîm. If the noun defined ends in û euphonic w, and if in any other vowel euphonic y is inserted before -e; this -e attracts the stress Compare -eke¹ and -eke²

used (1) to replace îzafe (y²) when the phrase is qualified by a defining suffix or demonstrative adjective, the phrase being then treated as a compound noun e.g. minaḻ y zîrek: clever child —minaḻe zîrekeke: the clever child —em minaḻe zîreke: this clever child; (2) to replace îzafe to link a permanent epithet to the noun it qualifies, e.g. kêl y shîn: blue upright stone, makes kêleshîn: name of a stele with cunei-form inscription on the Iraqi-Persian boundary; (3) in general as a link in the formation of many compound nouns e.g.: deskeguḻ: bunch of flowers, posy; ṟesheba: black wind, gale; pîremêrd: old man. If the first element of a compound so formed ends in û euphonic w, and if in î euphonic y, is inserted before the linking e; if it ends in a, e, ê, o, or ö, the linking e is absorbed so as to leave the second element in direct juxtaposition with the first, e.g. ga y bor makes gaboreke: the brown ox.

suffix used in the formation of: nouns from nouns, e.g. anîshk: elbow — anîshk-e: bracket; nouns from adjectives e.g. chak: good — chake: kind act; nouns from nouns qualified by a numeral adjective e.g. chilṟoje: period of forty days; and nouns from verbal roots e.g. kêshan: draw — kêshe: toil

3rd person singular present indicative of the copula is; euphonic w and y are inserted as for -e².

particle prefix to present and imperfect indicative tenses of most verbs Compare de², y-³

emphasizing particle placed before pronouns and demonstrative adjectives and attracting the stress, e.g.: e min: I; e to: you; e ewe: just that; e êre: just here; e em baxe: this very orchard.

preposition to; generally enclitic immediately following a verb; also used to introduce nouns used predicatively; in conjunction with postposition -ewe: into. Examples: ewan geyishtin e koshkeke: they reached the mansion minaḻeke binêrin e debistan: send the child to school ebêt e piyaw: he will become a man echêt e eshkewteke’we: he goes into the cave; euphonic w and y are inserted as for -e². see ê⁵ and tê for the circumstances in which they replace e.

preposition is prefixed to certain nouns, generally nouns of place, to form compound prepositions; the noun governed is not linked to the compound preposition by îzafe (y²); some of these are used in conjunction with postposition -ewe as indicated after each below:

interjection shepherd’s cry urging flocks forward